Module 1

NOTE: This page is still under construction!

In this module, we‘ll cover the following:

Pronominals

English Pronouns

English gets by with just 21 pronouns that stand alone and are separate words:

Subjective Set	Objective Set	Possessive Set
I	me	my
you	you	your
he	him	his
she	her	her
it	it	its
we	us	our
they	them	their

Oneida has two kinds of pronouns: standalone and bound.

Standalone Pronouns

Standalone pronouns are words you‘ll find that stand alone in a sentence. The standalone pronouns are:

í·	I / Me
isé·	You
né·	It
laulhá·	He / Him
akaulhá·	She / Her
aulhá·	It
lonulhá·	They / Them (males, mix of males and females)
onulhá·	They / Them (females)

Bound Pronouns

Bound pronouns must be attached to a word. There are roughly 80 of these, which can be broken down into four groups:

Subjective (Red)
Objective (Blue)
Possessive (Light Blue)
"The Purples"

"The Purples" refers to a group of pronouns that do not have an English counterpart.

From here on, we will refer to pronouns as pronominals, which is an abbreviation of "pronominal prefix".

Subjective (Red) Pronominals

The Primitivetable below displays the full list of subjective (red) pronominals. Each column represents a different "stem", which is the first letter in a root word. For example, the root word nuwehseʔ ("to like") starts with the letter "N" which is a consonant, so we use the "C-stem" column. The root word attokhaʔ ("to be wise") starts with the letter "A", so we use the "A-stem" column.

Attaching "k" to the start of the root word nuwehseʔ results in knú·wehseʔ which means "I like it". Attaching "l" to the start of the root word attokhaʔ gives us lattókhaʔ wich means "he is wise".

The small numbers in the Primitivetable cells represent exceptions — Oneida is full of them!

	EN	C-stem	A-stem	I-stem	E-stem / Λ-stem	O-stem / U-stem
í	I	k ik ⁴ ke ³	k	k	k	k
isé	You	s ts ⁵ it ⁶ hse ²³	hs ²	ts hs ²	hs ²	hs ²
laulhá	He	la	l	lʌ ¹	hl ²	hl ²
akaulhá	She	ye	yu ¹	ye ¹	yak	yak
aulhá	It	ka	w	kʌ ¹	w	y
tetniyáhse	You and I	tni	ty	tn	tn	tn
teyakniyáhse	Someone and I	yakni	yakn	yakn	yakn	yakn
tesniyáhse	You two	sni	tsy	sn	sn	sn
tehniyáhse	Two males	hni ²	hy ²	hn ²	hn ²	hn ²
tekniyáhse	Two females	kni	ky	kn	kn	kn
twakweku	You all and I	twa	tw	twʌ ¹	tw	ty
yakwakweku	They and I	yakwa	yakw	yakwʌ ¹	yakw	yaky
swakweku	All of you	swa	sw	swʌ ¹	sw	tsy
latikweku	They (males)	lati	lu ¹	latlʌn	lʌn	lʌn
kutikweku	They (females)	kuti	ku ¹	kutkun	kun	kun

Exception 1

The vowel with a squiggly underline replaces the leading vowel of the root word.

As an example, let‘s look at the A-stem column, where the root word is attokhaʔ. The translation for "she is wise" without this replacement rule would be yuattokhaʔ. yua is not a sound in Oneida so we instead change it to yu. Therefore the translation is yuttókhaʔ.

Exception 2

The h is not written or pronounced when nothing is attached in front of the pronominal. However, when anything is attached to the front of the pronominal, the h is written and pronounced. Example: snú·wehse̲ʔ and yah tehsnú·wehse̲ʔ.

Exception 3

The letter e only appears on root words that begin with a double consonant.

Examples are needed for this exception.

Exception 4

The ik prefix is attached to most (but not all) single syllable roots. The i in ik is used only occasionally. The i disappears when anything is attached in front of the prefix. Example: íkyʌheʔ and yah té·kyʌheʔ.

Exception 5

The prefix ts is attached to all roots beginning with yand i. The t disappears and is replaced by h when anything is attached in front of the prefix. Example:tsyʌtelíˍ and yah tehsyʌtelíˍ; tsí·tlu̲ʔ and yah tehsí·tlu̲ʔ.

Exception 6

The prefix it is attached to all roots beginning with hs and the idisappears when anything is attached in front of the prefix. Example: íthsaʔas and yah tethsáʔas

Objective (blue) Pronominals

The Primitivetable below displays the full list of objective (blue) pronominals.

	EN	C-stem	A-stem	I-stem	E-stem / Λ-stem	O-stem / U-stem
í	I	wak wake ³	wak	wak	wak	wak
isé	You	sa	s	sʌ ¹	s	s
laulhá	He	lo	lo ¹	lo ¹	law	la
akaulhá	She	yako	yako ¹	yako ¹	yakaw	yaka
aulhá	It	yo	yo ¹	yo ¹	yaw	ya
tetniyáhse	You and I	yukni	yuky	yukn	yukn	yukn
teyakniyáhse	Someone and I	yukni	yuky	yukn	yukn	yukn
tesniyáhse	You two	sni	tsy	sn	sn	sn
tehniyáhse	Two males	loti	lon	lot	lon	lon
tekniyáhse	Two females	yoti	yon	yot	yon	yon
twakweku	You all and I	yukwa	yukw	yukwʌ ¹	yukw	yuky
yakwakweku	They and I	yukwa	yukw	yukwʌ ¹	yukw	yuky
swakweku	All of you	swa	sw	swʌ ¹	sw	tsy
latikweku	They (males)	loti	lon	lot	lon	lon
kutikweku	They (females)	yoti	yon	yot	yon	yon

Purple Pronominals

The Primitivetable below displays the full list of purple pronominals. These do not have an English counterpart.

EN	C-stem	A-stem	I-stem	E-stem / Λ-stem	O-stem / U-stem
I → you	ku	kuy	ku ¹	kuy	kuy
I → him	li	liy	l	liy	liy
I → her I → someone I → them	khe	khey	khe ¹	khey	khey
I → you two	kni	ky	kn	kn	kn
I → all of you They & I → you	kwa	kw	kwʌ ¹	kw	ky
You → me (command form)	tak take ³	takw	tak	tak	tak
You → me	sk ske ³	skw	sk	sk	sk
You → him	hetsh ² hetshe ²³	hetsh ²	hetsh ²	hetsh ²	hetsh ²
You → her You → someone You → them	she	shey	she ¹	shey	shey
You → them & I All of you → me	takwa	takw	takwʌ ¹	takw	takw
All of you → me (command form)	takwa	takw	takwʌ ¹	takw	taky
You and I → him	hetni ²	hety ²	hetn ²	hetn ²	hetn ²
You and I → her You all and I → her You and I → someone You all and I → someone You and I → them You all and I → them	yethi	yethiy	yeth	yethiy	yethiy
You two → me (command form)	takni	taky	takn	takn	takn
You two → me	skni	sky	skn	skn	skn
You two → him He → you two	hetsni ²	hetsy ²	hetsn ²	hetsn ²	hetsn ²
You all & I → him	hetwa ²	hetw ²	hetwʌ ¹²	hetw ²	hety ²
All of you → me	skwa	skw	skwʌ ¹	skw	sky
All of you → him He → all of you	hetswa	hetsw	hetswʌ ¹	hetsw	hetsy
He → me	lak lake ³	lakw	lak	lakw	lak
He → you	hya ²	hy ²	hyʌ ¹²	hyay ²	hyay ²
He → him	lo	lo ¹	lo ¹	law	la
He → her He → someone He → them	shako	shako ¹	shako ¹	shakaw	shaka
He → you and I	shukni	shuky	shukn	shukn	shukn
He → you all and I	shukwa	shukw	shukwʌ ¹	shukw	shuky
She → me They → me	yuke ¹	yukw	yuk	yukw	yuk
She → you They → you	yesa	yes	yesʌ ¹	yes	yesay
She → him They → him	luwa	luw	luwʌ ¹	luw	luway
She → her They → her	yutat yutate ³	yutat	yutat	yutat	yutat
She → it	kuwa	kuw	kuwʌ ¹	kuw	kuway
She → you two She → all of you They → you two They → all of you You two → her You two → them All of you → her All of you → them	yetshi	yetshiy	yetshi	yetshiy	yetshiy
She → them (males, mix) They → them (males, mix)	luwati	luwan	luwat	luwat	luwan
She → them (females) They → them (females)	kuwati	kuwan	kuwat	kuwat	kuwan
Someone and I → him	shakni	shaky	shakn	shakn	shakn
They and I → him	shakwa	shakw	shakwʌ ¹	shakw	shaky
Someone and I → her Someone and I → them They and I → her They and I → them	yakhi	yakhiy	yakh	yakhiy	yakhiy
They → you and I They → them and I	yukhi	yukhiy	yukh	yukhiy	yukhiy
They (males, mix) → her They (males, mix) → them	shakoti	shakon	shakot	shakon	shakon
They (males, mix) → her They (males, mix) → them	yakoti	yakon	yakot	yakon	yakon

Possessive (light blue) Pronominals

	EN	C-stem	A-stem	I-stem	E-stem / Λ-stem	O-stem / U-stem
í	I	ak ake ³	akw	ak	akw	ak
isé	You	sa	s	sʌ ¹	s	s
laulhá	He	lao	lao ¹	lao ¹	law	la
akaulhá	She	ako	ako ¹	ako ¹	akaw	ak
aulhá	It	ao	ao ¹	ao ¹	aw	y
tetniyáhse	You and I	ukni	uky	ukn	ukn	ukn
tesniyáhse	You two	sni	tsy	sn	sn	sn
twakweku	You all and I	ukwa	ukw	ukwʌ ¹	ukw	uky
swakweku	All of you	swa	sw	swʌ ¹	sw	tsy
latikweku	They (males)	laoti	laon	laonlaot	laon	laon
kutikweku	They (females)	aoti	aon	aonaot	aon	aon

Stress and Accents

Stress is the term we use to describe the way we emphasize one part of a word when we say it aloud. An accent is the mark we place over the syllable that is being stressed / emphasized. The accent mark is always written over the vowel in the syllable being stressed. We never write accent marks over consonants. There are two kinds of stress:

Short stress

Short stress is indicated by an upstress mark ́ over the vowel being stressed. Vowels with short stress are pronounced slightly louder and with a rising tone of voice. The vowel is the same length as other vowels in the word.

Examples:

kátsheʔ
kákhwa̲ʔ
kítkit
ohʌtú
ohutsyakú
olihwiyó
ohwístaʔ
áhtaʔ

Long stress

Long stress is indicated by an upstress mark ́ over the vowel followed by a middle dot · or a colon :. Vowels with a long stress are pronounced slightly louder and noticeably longer than other vowels in the same word.

Examples:

owi·lá·
onú·ta
ola·ná·
nahté·shuʔ
keksá·
niʔí·

Length

Length is indicated by a middle dot · or a colon :. Vowels are noticeably longer than other vowels in the same word.

Although people from the southern U.S. use long vowels in their speech, English speakers in most of the U.S. and Canada do not. They speak using short stress on basically all their words. This contrasts with Onʌyoteʔa·ká· which frequently uses long stress to properly say a word. This means that students will have to begin using long stress much more often. Onʌyoteʔa·ká· spoken with only short, stressed vowels sounds "American."

English speakers in this part of the country do use long stress, but usually for emphasis or to convey emotion. Being sarcastic they might say: "Well, excuuuuuse me." Expressing sorrow or empathy they might say: "I‘m sooo sorry."

Students should not stress or lengthen prefixes, roots, suffixes, particles, or whole words to convey emphasis or emotion because these are conveyed through word choice or word order. In English, speakers raise their inflection to change a statement into a question, as in: "He likes her." versus "He likes her?". Onʌyoteʔa·ká· speakers should not raise their inflection when asking questions, as in: Shakonú·wehseʔ kʌ́ né· akaulhá·

Where stress occurs

There are two rules regarding stress:

Every word that has more than one vowel / syllable has a stress (accent).
Only one vowel / syllable in a word can be stressed.

The most frequent placement for stress is on the second-to-last syllable of a word, for example niwáhsʌ. However, there are many exceptions to this!

Glottal Stops

A common feature of Onʌyoteʔa·ká· is the glottal stop indicated in writing by an apostrophe (‘) or the symbol ʔ. A glottal stop occurs when a speaker abruptly “cuts” the end off a vowel by stopping air and sound coming out of their throat. We use glottal stops in speaking English all the time, but we are unaware of them and do not write them.

Example: When saying “no,” people sometimes say “uh-unh.” (The glottal stop occurs after the “uh” and before the “unh.”) Many people also glottalize the double-t in words like kitten, so that they say “kiʔten.” Examples of Onʌyoteʔa·ká· words with glottal stops are:

oʔwá·luʔ
oʔsluniʔkéha
otsiʔnowʌ́
kátsheʔ
otsí·tsyaʔ

Sometimes a vowel with a glottal stop is given a short or a long stress. Examples:

wakyo·té·
ká·khaleʔ
laksá·
kanutó·tsliʔ

The Letter H

An important feature of Onʌyoteʔa·ká· is the letter H, which works the same way as it does in English, with breath coming out of a speaker‘s throat but no sound. English speakers are not aware of how many times they say an H when they speak, and they donʔt write all the Hs they say. For example, they say an H (a breath but no sound) in the words “king,” “queen,” “top”, and “tie” but they don‘t hear the H and they don‘t write it.

In Onʌyoteʔa·ká· we write all the Hs that follow Ks and Ts. Example:

khenú·wehseʔ
thikʌ́

We also write most of the Hs that occur after a vowel and before a consonant. Examples:

yehyatúkhwa̲ʔ
onikwʌ́htalaʔ
kanúhsaʔ

Not all of the Hs that are spoken in a word get written by all speakers, however. It seems to be a matter of personal preference.

Whispered Endings

This is a very unique feature of Onʌyoteʔa·ká where the last syllable of a word is actually whispered. This occurs only on words that are prepausal (but it doesn‘t always occur on prepausal words). A prepausal word is a word that occurs at the end of a sentence or is the only word in a sentence. This is written using an underline under the vowel that is whispered, for example áhsʌ̲.

The alternative to prepausal is medial. You may see the abbreviations PF and MF for prepausal form and medial form, respectively.

A word that is in prepausal form may have its stress placed on a different syllable than its corresponding medial form. For example: kahyatuhslí né· thíkʌ̲ vs. hʌ, kahyatúhsehli̲.

In this curriculum all words are given in medial form unless they appear prepausal in the dialogue examples. As with the Hs, beginning students must listen closely to pick up the pronunciation to know when to use it effectively as not all prepausal words have whispered endings. For example, úska is fully pronounced in prepausal form.

yats — my name is...

Let‘s learn our first phrase! Bob ni· yukyáts translates to "Bob is my name". It actually more literally translates to "They call me Bob". Notice the purple text in the phrase, yuk. This is from our Purple Pronominals table. yats is the root word and because it begins with a consonant, we can look for "yuk" in the table under the C-stem column to find that it corresponds to "They → me".

yats is an example of a word that "uses purple pronominals". Different root words in Oneida use different color pronominals. Some words, such as nú·wehseʔ, can use multiple different color pronominals. Different colors can change the meaning of a root word. We‘ll learn more about this in module 2.

A paradigm table for yats looks like this:

Phrase	Translation
yukyáts	They call Me ...
yesa·yáts	They call You ...
luwa·yáts	They call Him ...
yutat·yáts	They call Her ...
kuwa·yáts	They call It ...
luwati·yáts	They call Them (males) ...
kuwati·yáts	They call Them (females) ...

In this curriculum, the word "paradigm" refers to a list of conjugations for a given root word. When you get a grasp of the different pronominals, you will be able to recall paradigms much more easily.

anuhte — to know, to be in the know

Let‘s learn another phrase! The root word is anuhteʔ and it uses blue pronominals. It means "to know something". Here‘s the paradigm table:

Phrase	Translation
wakanúhteʔ	I know
sanúhteʔ	You know
lonúhteʔ	He knows
yakonúhteʔ	She knows
yonúhteʔ	It knows
yukyanúhteʔ	You and I know
yukyanúhteʔ	Someone and I know
tsyanúhteʔ	You two know
lonanúhteʔ	Two males know
yonanúhteʔ	Two females know
yukwanúhteʔ	You all and I know
yukwanúhteʔ	They and I know
swanúhteʔ	All of you know
lonanúhteʔ	They (males) know
yonanúhteʔ	They (females) know

Particles

In this curriculum, particles refer to words that are common in dialogue.

Oneida	English	Examples
kwáh tsiʔ niyot	like, just like	Kunú·wehseʔ kwáh tsiʔ niyot isé· sknú·wehseʔ niʔi I like you just like you like me.
kwáh ikʌ́· tsiʔ	very much	Kwáh i·kʌ́ tsiʔ kninú·wehseʔ kaʔi·kʌ́· né· Só·s khále Alísakwet Susan and Elizabeth like this very much.
akwekú	everyone, everybody, everything	Yah akwekú teʔsanúhte̲ʔ You don't know everything. Akwekú lanú·wehse̲ʔ He likes everything. Akwekú shukwanú·wehse̲ʔ He likes all of us.
e·só·	a lot	Esó· yukhinú·wehseʔ thikʌ́ akokhstʌ́ha That old woman likes us a lot.
ʌ́·	yes
kátiʔ, ok né·n	so then	Oh káti niʔí· So then, what about me? Ok né·n niʔí· So then, what about me?
tá·thuni	or	Yah teʔwakanúhteʔ tá·tkʌ Kwítel tá·thuni Tshyalé luwa·yáts I don't know if his name is Peter or Charlie.
kʌ́	Used to indicate a question	Tshyalé kʌ́ luwa·yáts né·n laulhá· Is his name Charlie?
kaʔi·kʌ́͟͟·	this	Akwekú kʌ́ latinú·wehseʔ kaʔi·kʌ́· lotikhstʌʔokúha Do all of the old men like this?
náhteʔ	what	Knú·wehseʔ tsiʔ náhteʔ snú·wehse̲ʔ I like what (it is that) you like.
náhteʔ ok	something, anything	Náhteʔ ok kʌ́ yakonúhteʔ né· yeksá· Does the girl know anything?
nʌʔ né·	it is	Wílo nʌʔ né· It's William.
nók tsiʔ	but	Laknú·wehseʔ niʔí· nók tsiʔ yáh né· tehinú·wehse̲ʔ He likes me but I don't like him.
kháleʔ	and	Lokhstʌ́ha kháleʔ né·n laksá· ninú·wehse̲ʔ The old man and the boy like it.
ó·ni	also, too, as well as, either	Yeyaʔtaséha ó·ni yesanú·wehse̲ʔ The young woman also likes you.
oyá	other, else, another	Lanú·wehseʔ kʌ́ né· oyá· laksá· Does the other boy like it?
oh	a particle used to ask What? Why? and How? questions	Oh náhte yesa·yáts What is your name?
oh ni·yót	How?	Oh ni·yót tsiʔ yakonúhteʔ né·n Wa·li How does Mary know that?
ostú·ha	a little bit	Ostú·ha yakninú·wehse i· kháleʔ Kwítel Peter and I like it a little bit.
ok	just, only	Tá·wet ok linúwehse̲ʔ I only like David.
ostúhaʔ ok	just a little bit	Ostúhaʔ ok khenú·wehseʔ né· thikʌ́ latinikʌhtluʔokuha̲ I like those young men just a little bit.
úhkaʔ náhteʔ	who	Úhkaʔ náhteʔ thikʌ́ lú·kwe̲ʔ Who is that man? Sanúhteʔ kʌ́ úhkaʔ náhteʔ thikʌ́ˍ Do you know who that is?
úhkaʔ ok náhteʔ	someone, somebody	Úhkaʔ ok náhteʔ luwanú·wehse̲ʔ Someone likes him.
(kwah) otokú· tsiʔ	certainly, for sure	Kwah otokú· tsiʔ khenú·wehseʔ né· Só·s I certainly like Susan.
náhteʔ oyá·	something else, anything else	Yah náhteʔ ó·ya teyakonúhteʔ She doesn't know anything else.
sʌ́haʔ	more	Sʌ́haʔ kʌ́ yenú·wehseʔ né· kaʔi·kʌ́͟͟ Does she like this more?
sʌ́haʔ ... tsiʔ ni·yót	more than	Sʌ́haʔ linú·wehseʔ né· Tá·wet tsiʔ ni·yót né· Tshyalé I like David more than Charlie.
shekú	still, yet, again	Shekú yáh teʔkhenú·wehseʔ né· akaulhá· I still don't like her.
shekú o·yá·	another one, yet another	Shekú oyá· yakukwé yesanú·wehse̲ʔ Yet another woman likes you.
thikʌ́͟͟	that, that one, that thing	Swanú·wehseʔ kʌ́ thikʌ́͟͟ Do you all like that?
to·káh	I dunno
to·kʌśkeʔ	true, it is true	To·kʌ́skeʔ kʌ́ tsiʔ yáh teʔsknúwehse̲ʔ Is it true that you don't like me?
tá·t	if	Yah teʔwakanúhteʔ tá·t Kwítel luwa·yáts né·n laulhá· I don't know if his name is Peter.
tsiʔ	that, there, when, to, at	Sanúhteʔ kʌ́ tsiʔ yáh teʔyesanú·wehse̲ʔ Do you know that she doesn't like you? Knú·wehseʔ tsiʔ isé· sknú·wehseʔ. I like it that you like me.
tsiʔ náhteʔ	what (it is)	Yah teʔwakanúhteʔ tsiʔ náhteʔ snú·wehse̲ʔ I don't know what you like.
wáhi̲	Isn't it? Innit? Eh?	Wá·li yutátyats né· akaulhá·, wáhi̲ Her name is Mary, isn't it?
táh	no
yáh kiʔ sótsi	not that much, not so much	Yah kiʔ sótsi tehetshnú·wehseʔ, wáhi You don't like him that much, do you?
yáh úhkaʔ	no one, nobody	Yah úhkaʔ tehuwanú·wehseʔ thikʌ́ lanikʌhtlúha No one likes that young man.
yáh náhteʔ	nothing, not anything
Yah ... té·kʌ	not (a fact), not (true)	Yah to·kʌ́skeʔ té·kʌ That's not true. Yah Wali té·kʌ That's not Mary.
Ta·im	no way (slang)

People

It is important to understand that the translations for two or more people are not literal. tehniská· is not the literal translation for "2 boys" — that is tehniyáhse tehniská·. You can learn more about this in the "Counting" article which is part of module 3.

Children

English	Translation
Boy	laksá·
Boys (2) Boy and girl	tehniksá·
Boys (3+) Mix of boys and girls	latiksaʔshúha
Girl	yeksá·
Girls (2)	tekniksá·
Girls (3+)	kutiksaʔshúha

Adolescents

English	Translation
Young man	lanikʌtlúha
Young men (2)	tehninikʌtlúha
Young men (3+)	latinikʌtluʔokúha
Young woman	yeyaʔtaséha
Young women (2)	tekniyaʔtaséha
Young women (3+)	kutiyaʔtaseʔokúha

Adults

English	Translation
Man	lu·kwé·
Men (2) Man and woman	tehnu·kwé·
Men (3+) Mix of men and women	lʌnu·kwé·
Woman	yaku·kwé·
Women (2)	teknu·kwé·
Women (3+)	kunu·kwé·

Older people

Note: These words do not mean "old people", "seniors", "elders", etc. They mean people that are older than the speaker. Thus, these words are not commonly used in this context (as nouns). Instead, they are used as verbs. You can learn more about this in the "Age" article which is part of module 2.

English	Translation
Older man	lokstʌ́ha
Older men (2) Older man and older woman	lotikstʌ́ha
Older men (3+) Mix of older men and older women	lotikstʌhokúha
Older woman	akokstʌ́ha
Older women (2)	yotikstʌ́ha
Older women (3+)	yotikstʌhokúha

English Names

English	Translation
Aaron	Alʌt
Abraham	Á·kwilut
Albert	Tsiʔtwʌlu
Charlie	Tshyalé
David	Tá·wet
George	Tysáts
Jerry	Tshéle
John	Sawatís
Kenny	Kénniha
Matthew	Mathyu
Nicholas	Niklas
Peter	Kwítel
Richard	Litsyet
Thomas	Tu·wís
William	Wílo
Christine Kristin	Klistí·n
Delores	Tsiló·s
Elizabeth	Aliskwe Alísakwe
Katherine	Katlí·n
Margret	Kwáklit Kowáklit
Martha	Mahtih
Mary	Wá·li
Nellie Amelia	Ní·ki
Rachel	Lá·kel
Sara	Sá·l
Susan	Só·s

Dialogue

Here is some dialogue using what was covered on this page. Some parts of this dialogue are a bit contrived but it should help you with understanding what has been covered.

Example 1

Úhkaʔ náhteʔ niʔí·	Kwítel niʔisé͟·
Úhkaʔ náhteʔ niʔisé͟·	Wá·li niʔí·
Úhkaʔ náhteʔ neʔn laulhá·	Tá·wet neʔn laulhá·
Úhkaʔ náhteʔ neʔn akaulhá·	Klistí·n neʔn akaulhá·
Úhkaʔ náhteʔ nʌʔ né·	Kwítel nʌʔ né·

Example 2

Tshyalé kʌ́ niʔí·	Λ́·, Tshyalé niʔisé͟·
Wá·li kʌ́ niʔisé͟·	Λ́·, Wá·li niʔí·
Tá·wet kʌ́ neʔn laulhá·	Λ́·, Tá·wet nen laulhá·
Klistí·n kʌ́ neʔn akaulhá·	Λ́·, Klistí·n neʔn akaulhá·

Example 3

Í· kʌ́ neʔn Tshyalé	Λ́·, isé· né· Tshyalé
Isé· kʌ́ neʔn Wá·li	Λ́·, í· né· Wá·li
Laulhá· kʌ́ neʔn Tá·wet	Λ́·, laulhá· né·
Akaulhá· kʌ́ neʔn Ní·ki	Λ́·, akaulhá· né· Ní·ki

Example 4

Wá·li kʌ́ niʔí·	Tah Yah Wá·li té·kʌ nisé· Só·s niʔisé͟·
Tshyalé kʌ́ niʔisé͟·	Tah Yah Tshyalé té·kʌ niʔí· Wá·li niʔí·
Wílo kʌ́ neʔn laulhá·	Tah Yah Wílo té:kʌ neʔn laulhá· Tá·wet neʔn laulhá·
Lá·kel kʌ́ neʔn akaulhá·	Tah Yah Lá·kel té:kʌ neʔn akaulhá· Só·s neʔn akaulhá··

Example 5

Í· kʌ́ neʔn Wá·li	Tah Yah Wá·li té·kʌ niʔisé͟· Só·s ni·sé·
Isé· kʌ́ neʔn Tu·wís	Tah Yah Tu·wís té·kʌ niʔí· Wílo niʔí·
Laulhá· kʌ́ neʔn Tshyalé	Tah Yah Tshyalé té·kʌ neʔn laulhá· Ta·wet neʔn laulhá·
Akaulhá· kʌ́ neʔn Ní·ki	Tah Yah Ní·ki té·kʌ neʔn akaulhá· Só·s neʔn akaulhá·

Example 6

Sknú·wehseʔ kʌ́ niʔí·	Λ́·, kunú·wehseʔ niʔisé͟·
	Kunú·wehseʔ niʔisé· kwáh ne·n tsiʔ niyot sknú·wehseʔ niʔí·
Etsnú·wehseʔ kʌ́ neʔn laulhá·	Λ́·, linú·wehseʔ né· laulhá·
Etsnú·wehseʔ kʌ́ neʔn Wílo	Λ́·, linú·wehseʔ né· Wílo
Shenú·wehseʔ kʌ́ neʔn akaulhá·	Λ́·, khenú·wehseʔ né· akaulhá·
Shenú·wehseʔ kʌ́ neʔn Kowaklít	Λ́·, khenú·wehseʔ né· Kowaklít
Shenú·wehseʔ kʌ́ neʔn lonulhá·	Λ́·, khenú·wehseʔ né· lonulhá·
Shenú·wehseʔ kʌ́ neʔn Beatles	Λ́·, khenú·wehseʔ né· Beatles

Example 7

I·sé· kʌ́ sknú·wehse̲ʔ	Λ́·, í· kunú·wehse̲ʔ
laulhá· kʌ́ etsnú·wehse̲ʔ	Λ́·, laulhá· linú·wehse̲ʔ
Kwítel kʌ́ etsnú·wehse̲ʔ	Λ́·, Kwítel linú·wehse̲ʔ
Akaulhá· kʌ́ shenú·wehse̲ʔ	Λ́·, akaulhá· khenú·wehse̲ʔ
Kowaklit kʌ́ shenú·wehse̲ʔ	Λ́·, Kowaklít khenú·wehse̲ʔ
Lonulhá· kʌ́ shenú·wehse̲ʔ	Λ́·, lonulhá· khenú·wehse̲ʔ
Rolling Stones kʌ́ shenú·wehse̲ʔ	Λ́·, Rolling Stones khenú·wehse̲ʔ

Example 8

Úhkaʔ náhteʔ khenú·wehseʔ	Í· sknú·wehseʔ
	Kwítel etsnú·wehseʔ
	Klistí·n shenú·wehseʔ
	Beatles shenú·wehseʔ
Úhkaʔ náhteʔ shenú·wehseʔ	Isé· kunú·wehseʔ
	Kwítel linú·wehseʔ
	Klistí·n khenú·wehseʔ
	Beatles khenú·wehseʔ
	Akwekú khenú·wehseʔ
	Háti úhkaʔ ok náhteʔ niʔisé· shenú·wehseʔ, í· khenú·wehseʔ
Úhkaʔ oyá· shenú·wehseʔ	Rolling Stones ú·niʔ khenú·wehseʔ
Úhkaʔ shakonú·wehseʔ né· Kwítel	Í· laknú·wehseʔ né· Kwítel
	I·sé· yanú·wehseʔ né· Kwítel
Úhkaʔ oyá· shakonú·wehseʔ neʔn Kwítel	Rolling Stones oniʔ shakonú·wehseʔ neʔn Kwítel
Úhkaʔ náhteʔ yutatnú·wehseʔ neʔn Só·s	Í· yuknú·wehseʔ neʔn Só·s
	I·sé· yesanú·wehseʔ né· Só·s

Example 9

Náhte snú·wehseʔ	Kaʔikʌ́ knú·wehseʔ
	Thikʌ́· knú·wehseʔ
	Akwekú knú·wehseʔ
	Háti náhte ne·n isé· snú·wehseʔ, í· ú·ni knú·wehseʔ

Example 10

Úhkaʔ náhteʔ sʌ́haʔ shenú·wehseʔ Beatles tá·thuniʔ Rolling Stones	Beatles sʌ́haʔ khenú·wehseʔ tsiʔ ni·yót né· Rolling Stones
Úhkaʔ náhteʔ sʌ́haʔ shenú·wehseʔ tsiʔ ni·yót né·n Rolling Stones	Beatles sʌ́haʔ khenú·wehseʔ tsiʔ ni·yót né· Rolling Stones
Úhkaʔ náhteʔ sʌ́haʔ shenú·wehseʔ tsiʔ ni·yót né· Beatles	Yah úhkaʔ náhteʔ sʌ́haʔ teʔkhenú·wehseʔ tsiʔ ni·yót né· Beatles
Sʌ́haʔ kʌ́ shenú·wehseʔ neʔn Beach Boys tsiʔ ni·yót neʔn Beatles	Tah. Yah sʌ́haʔ tekhenú·wehseʔ né· Beach Boys tsiʔ ni·yót né· Beatles
Sʌ́haʔ kʌ́ etsnú·wehseʔ neʔn Nelson Mandela tsiʔ ni·yót neʔn Stephen Harper	Λ́·, kwáh ikʌ́ tsiʔ sʌ́haʔ linú·wehseʔ Nelson Mandela tsiʔ ni·yót neʔn Stephen Harper
Úhka ó·ya sʌ́haʔ shenú·wehseʔ tsiʔ ni·yót né· Stephen Harper	Tom Porter óni sʌ́haʔ linú·wehseʔ tsiʔ ni·yót né·n Stephen Harper
Lonúhteʔ kʌ́ neʔn Tshyalé oh náhte luwatí·yats neʔn Beatles	Λ́·, lonúhteʔ neʔn Tshyalé oh náhte luwati·yáts neʔn Beatles
Lonanúhteʔ kʌ́ né· thikʌ́ latiksaʔshuha oh náhte kuwatí·yats né· thikʌ́ otikhstʌʔokúha̲	Tah. Yah tehonanúhteʔ né· thikʌ́ latiksaʔshúha oh náhte kuwati·yáts thikʌ́ otikhstʌʔokúha̲
Laulhá· kʌ́ lonúhteʔ náhte yesá·yats	Tah. Yah tehonúhteʔ náhte ní· yúkyats
Klistí·n kʌ́ yutátyats né· thikʌ́ yakú·kwe̲	Λ́·, Klistí·n yutátyats né· thikʌ́ yakú·kwe̲ʔ
Onulhá· kʌ́ yonanúhteʔ náhte luwati·yáts neʔn Rolling Stones	Λ́·, yonanúhteʔ náhte luwati·yáts neʔn Rolling Stones. Mick, Keith, Charlie kháleʔ Ronnie luwati·yáts

Example 11

Skyʌtelí kʌ́ náhte ni yúkyats	Lá·kel kʌ́ yesa·yáts
Tah Yah Lá·kel teyúkyats Thikʌ akokstʌ́·haʔ neʔn Lá·kel yutátyats	Kowáklit kʌ́ yesa·yáts
Tah Yah oni Kowáklit teyúkyats Thikʌ yeksá· neʔn Kowáklit yutátyats	Tá·t yah Lá·kel tathu·ní· yah Kowáklit teyesa·yáts nahte káti yesa·yáts
Aliskwet niyúkyats	Onʌ kuyʌtelí náhte yesa·yáts

Translation Exercises

1	Né· lokstʌ́ha lanú·wehseʔ uní né· khaleʔ akokstʌ́ha yenú·wehse̲ʔ
2	Yáh kʌ́ tesanúhteʔ oh náhte yutátyats né· thikʌ́ yeksá·
3	Kutikwekú kutiksaʔshúha luwanú·wehseʔ né· laulhá·
4	Kwítel kʌ́ luwa·yáts thikʌ́ laksá·
5	Sʌ́haʔ yakninú·wehseʔ ne thí·kʌ̲
6	Yáh tehonúhteʔ tsiʔ náhteʔ luwati·yáts thikʌ́ latiksaʔshúha̲ʔ
7	Yáh ki só·tsiʔ tehinú·wehseʔ Wílo
8	Akwekú shakonú·wehseʔ ne thikʌ́ lokstʌ́ha, nok tsiʔ yah neʔn Wá·li
9	Sanúhteʔ kʌ́ úhkaʔ náhteʔ yenú·wehseʔ kaʔí·kʌ̲
10	Sʌ́haʔ snú·wehseʔ kaʔi·kʌ́· tsiʔ ni·yóht thikʌ́, wáhi̲
11	Yáh kʌ́ tehninú·wehse̲ʔ
12	Wakanúhteʔ tsiʔ shukwanú·wehseʔ thikʌ́ lokstʌ́ha̲
13	Kunú·wehseʔ niʔisé·, kwah né·n tsiʔ niyot niʔisé· sknú·wehse̲ʔ
14	Tokʌ́skeʔ kʌ́ tsiʔ lonúhteʔ oh náhteʔ yúkyats
15	Wé·ne tsiʔ yáh tehinú·wehseʔ thikʌ́ lú·kwe̲
16	Do those women know anything?
17	Who else doesn't like this?
18	I don't like the girl that you like.
19	Does that old woman like us?
20	That woman's not Mary, it's Elizabeth.
21	Who do you like more, George Jones or Justin Bieber?
22	Who knows the old woman named Elizabeth?
23	This young man doesn't know your name.
24	I only like Mary a little bit.
25	I like David, but I still don't like Charlie.
26	How does Mary know that?
27	I know the names of those old men.
28	I know that you like him, but do you know if he likes you?
29	Who else knows the names of the young men?
30	That old man really likes this, but I know that he likes that more.